Starknet faces fresh mainnet disruption

  • Starknet uses zero-knowledge rollups to batch transactions off chain and settle on Ethereum.
  • The project is also pursuing Bitcoin DeFi integration through its BTCFi initiative.
  • The STRK token price remained stable despite the disruption.

Starknet, an Ethereum layer-2 network built on zero-knowledge rollups, entered 2026 dealing with an unexpected mainnet disruption that temporarily interrupted network activity.

The incident surfaced at a moment when layer-2 infrastructure is increasingly critical to Ethereum’s scaling roadmap, with developers and users relying on these networks for faster execution and lower costs.

As decentralised applications expand across finance, gaming, and experimental Bitcoin-linked use cases, even short periods of downtime draw attention to operational resilience.

The latest disruption placed Starknet under that spotlight, testing its response processes while the broader ecosystem monitored network stability.

The Starknet team acknowledged the issue through an X post, confirming that the network was experiencing downtime and that engineers were actively investigating the cause.

The update stressed that work was underway to restore full functionality as quickly as possible, although no technical explanation was shared at the time.

When the message was published, the mainnet had already been unavailable for just over two hours, marking a notable interruption for developers and users relying on live applications.

Network interruption

The disruption did not come with immediate details on whether transaction sequencing, proof generation, or another component was affected.

Starknet’s architecture relies on batching large volumes of transactions off chain before submitting cryptographic proofs to Ethereum.

Any failure along that pipeline can temporarily halt activity, even if user funds remain secure on the base layer.

During the outage window, on-chain data indicated stalled execution rather than loss of state, aligning with typical safety mechanisms used by ZK-rollup networks.

How Starknet works

Starknet operates as a ZK-rollup based layer-2, processing transactions away from Ethereum’s main chain and periodically settling them with validity proofs.

This design aims to deliver higher throughput and lower fees while inheriting Ethereum’s security guarantees.

The network has positioned itself as an infrastructure for complex smart contracts, decentralised finance protocols, and gaming applications that require fast settlement.

Its reliance on cryptographic proofs means performance gains are tied closely to the reliability of off-chain components.

Bitcoin DeFi focus

Beyond Ethereum-native use cases, Starknet has been promoting a Bitcoin DeFi, or BTCFi, arc.

The initiative frames the network as a bridge for Bitcoin-related financial applications seeking exposure to Ethereum’s programmability.

By enabling Bitcoin-linked assets or logic to interact with decentralised applications, Starknet has aimed to broaden its relevance beyond a single ecosystem.

The timing of the disruption, however, highlights how operational stability remains central as these cross-ecosystem ambitions develop.

Market response

Despite the mainnet downtime, the STRK token price held steady at $0.08898 at the time of writing, suggesting limited immediate market reaction.

Starknet price
Source: CoinMarketCap

Short-term resilience in the token contrasted with the technical interruption, indicating that traders may be viewing the issue as operational rather than structural.

As engineers continued work on restoring full functionality, attention remained focused on updates from the team and the duration of the disruption rather than price volatility.

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David Beckham–backed Prenetics abandons Bitcoin strategy to focus on core health business

  • Prenetics halts new Bitcoin purchases after recent crypto market volatility.
  • The company is prioritising the growth of its IM8 supplements brand.
  • Prenetics currently holds 510 BTC and over $70 million in cash reserves.

Prenetics Global, a consumer health and supplements company backed by football icon David Beckham, has reversed its short-lived plan to build a Bitcoin treasury, opting instead to focus its capital on expanding its flagship nutrition brand, IM8.

In a statement issued on Tuesday, the Nasdaq-listed firm confirmed that it will no longer pursue additional Bitcoin purchases, signalling a shift away from digital assets amid volatile market conditions.

The company’s management stated that the redirection of resources is aimed at accelerating growth in IM8, which the company describes as one of the fastest-scaling supplement brands in the global wellness sector.

Notably, the decision comes less than three months after the company raised $48 million in fresh equity financing that was raised for cryptocurrency accumulation as a strategic objective.

Strategic pivot after crypto market volatility

When Prenetics announced its equity raise in October, Bitcoin was trading near historic highs, hovering above $110,000.

Since then, prices have dropped significantly, reflecting broader instability across digital asset markets driven by tightening financial conditions, regulatory uncertainty, and reduced institutional risk appetite.

As of this week, Bitcoin has fallen to the high-$80,000 range, underscoring the challenges companies face when managing crypto-heavy balance sheets.

Although the fundraising round was intended to support both Bitcoin accumulation and consumer brand expansion, Prenetics’ leadership now views its health and wellness business as a clearer path to long-term value creation.

The Chief Executive Officer and co-founder, Danny Yeung, said the board unanimously agreed that focusing on IM8 represents a rare growth opportunity that outweighs the potential benefits of further crypto exposure.

However, the company plans to hold on to its crypto assets despite halting new purchases.

Prenetics disclosed that it still holds approximately 510 Bitcoin alongside more than $70 million in cash and cash equivalents, providing flexibility while it reassesses capital allocation priorities.

Part of a broader corporate reassessment of crypto treasuries

Prenetics’ move mirrors a growing trend among publicly listed companies that experimented with cryptocurrency treasury strategies during bullish market cycles.

As crypto prices pull back, several firms are scaling back or abandoning aggressive accumulation plans in favour of more predictable uses of capital.

Earlier this month, Ethereum-focused treasury firm ETHZilla, backed by prominent technology investors like Peter Thiel, announced a pivot away from holding ether toward real-world asset tokenisation initiatives.

Other companies across sectors have similarly turned to share buybacks, debt reduction, or reinvestment in core operations as safer ways to support shareholder value during uncertain market conditions.

Investors in Prenetics’ October funding round included major crypto industry names such as Kraken, Exodus, and GPTX, alongside traditional investment firms.

While their participation highlighted confidence in the company’s innovation strategy, Prenetics’ latest announcement reflects a more cautious and pragmatic stance toward digital assets.

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Michael Saylor’s Strategy caps 2025 with 1,229 Bitcoin purchase

  • Michael Saylor’s Strategy added 1,229 BTC in late December, ending 2025 with record holdings.
  • The $109M buy was funded through new share sales, raising dilution concerns.
  • Strategy’s shares fell despite the purchase as Bitcoin and MSTR closed 2025 lower.

Michael Saylor’s Strategy, formerly MicroStrategy, is closing 2025 with another decisive Bitcoin buy, reinforcing its long-standing commitment to the digital asset despite a challenging year for both crypto markets and its own stock.

The company disclosed that it acquired 1,229 Bitcoin in the final week of December, marking its last purchase of the year and underscoring a strategy that has come to define the firm’s identity.

A final buy to end the year

Strategy’s latest acquisition took place between December 22 and December 28, with the company spending roughly $108.8 million to add 1,229 Bitcoin to its treasury.

The coins were purchased at an average price of about $88,568 per Bitcoin, a level close to where the market was trading during the final days of the year.

With this transaction, Strategy’s total Bitcoin holdings climbed to approximately 672,497 BTC.

The company’s cumulative investment now runs into tens of billions of dollars, with an average cost basis estimated at just under $75,000 per coin.

That scale cements Strategy’s position as the largest corporate holder of Bitcoin globally.

MSTR stock slides amid Bitcoin bet

The market reaction to the latest purchase was mixed, with Strategy’s stock slipping following the disclosure of the purchase.

The stock is currently trading near its yearly lows even as the company expanded its Bitcoin position.

Although some may argue that the decline is a result of bitcoin price pullback, it also reflects ongoing investor unease about dilution and the broader performance of the stock in 2025.

However, some continue to view Strategy as a leveraged proxy for Bitcoin, arguing that sustained long-term appreciation in the asset could ultimately outweigh near-term stock pressure.

Betting on metrics, not moods

Strategy continues to point investors toward its internal performance measures, particularly a metric it calls “BTC Yield.”

This figure is designed to show how effectively the company increases Bitcoin holdings relative to its share count over time.

Strategy has highlighted a BTC Yield in excess of 20% for 2025, suggesting that, from its perspective, the strategy of issuing shares to buy Bitcoin is still delivering results.

The company has framed this approach as disciplined capital allocation rather than speculative trading.

For Michael Saylor, the year-end purchase fits a consistent narrative.

He has repeatedly argued that short-term price swings are secondary to building a large, permanent Bitcoin treasury and, ending 2025 with another nine-figure buy reinforces that message.

As the calendar turns, Strategy moves into 2026 with its largest Bitcoin (BTC) holdings to date, even as uncertainty lingers over how markets will ultimately respond.

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IMF advances talks with El Salvador on Bitcoin policy and Chivo wallet future

  • IMF says talks with El Salvador continue, focusing on transparency, public funds protection, and Bitcoin-related risks.
  • Negotiations to sell or wind down El Salvador’s Chivo Bitcoin wallet are well advanced under the IMF loan program.
  • Despite IMF pressure, El Salvador continues daily Bitcoin purchases while GDP growth is projected near 4%.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) said discussions with El Salvador over its Bitcoin-related policies remain ongoing, with a focus on improving transparency, protecting public funds, and reducing financial risks.

The update came as part of the IMF’s second review of El Salvador’s 40-month Extended Fund Facility (EFF), under which the country secured a $1.4 billion loan in 2024 after prolonged negotiations strained by its Bitcoin adoption.

According to the IMF, talks are particularly advanced regarding the future of the government-run Chivo Bitcoin wallet, including a potential sale or wind-down of the platform.

Chivo, launched in September 2021 as part of El Salvador’s Bitcoin rollout, has faced widespread criticism since its debut, including allegations of identity theft, fraud, technical failures, and frozen user accounts.

Chivo wallet under negotiation

The IMF confirmed that negotiations for the sale of the Chivo wallet are “well advanced,” marking a significant step in scaling back the government’s direct involvement in Bitcoin infrastructure.

One of the architects of the wallet said last year that the application should be shut down due to the controversy it generated since its launch.

As part of the EFF agreement, El Salvador committed to reducing public sector participation in Bitcoin-related activities.

In March, the IMF formally asked the country to halt Bitcoin accumulation through purchases and mining and to dismantle public structures used to acquire the digital asset.

The fund later said El Salvador has complied with these commitments, including initiating a full phase-out of the Chivo wallet.

Despite these steps, several private-sector Bitcoin wallets are expected to continue operating in the country.

At the time the IMF loan was agreed, Stacy Herbert, director of El Salvador’s National Bitcoin Office, said that while Chivo’s role would change, private wallet providers would continue to serve users.

Bitcoin accumulation remains a point of tension

Bitcoin policy remains a central source of friction between El Salvador and the IMF.

The fund has repeatedly warned that Bitcoin’s price volatility poses risks to public finances and has pushed for limits on government exposure.

Nevertheless, El Salvador continues to report ongoing Bitcoin purchases.

Last month, the country added 1,098 BTC to its national reserves, worth nearly $100 million at the time, according to official disclosures.

Data published by El Salvador’s Bitcoin Office shows that the country holds about 7,509 BTC, with purchases continuing on a daily basis, even during periods of high market volatility.

In May, the IMF reiterated that “efforts will continue” to ensure El Salvador does not accumulate additional Bitcoin.

President Nayib Bukele has publicly rejected the idea of stopping purchases, stating in March that the policy would continue regardless of external pressure.

IMF praises economic performance

While flagging ongoing concerns around Bitcoin, the IMF struck a positive tone on El Salvador’s broader economic performance.

The fund said the economy is expanding faster than expected, with real GDP growth projected to reach around 4% this year and strong prospects for next year.

The IMF also noted that fiscal targets remain on track, foreign reserves are increasing, and domestic borrowing has declined.

Structural reforms have advanced, including new banking stability legislation, the adoption of Basel III standards, and updated anti-money laundering rules.

The IMF said it will maintain close engagement with Salvadoran authorities as it works toward a staff-level agreement to complete the second EFF review, underscoring that Bitcoin-related risks remain under scrutiny even as the country’s macroeconomic outlook improves.

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BTC at $143K, ETH above $4000: Citi issues bullish price forecasts as crypto market continues to struggle

  • Citi forecasts Bitcoin at $143K and Ethereum at $4,304 in 12 months.
  • Regulatory clarity and adoption drive institutional interest in crypto.
  • Short-term risks, including bearish patterns, options expiry, and ETF outflows, still linger.

Citigroup has delivered one of the most upbeat outlooks from a major Wall Street institution on digital assets, forecasting strong upside for both Bitcoin and Ethereum over the next year.

The bank’s projections come at a time when crypto markets are navigating sharp short-term volatility while longer-term adoption trends continue to strengthen.

A bullish baseline with room to run

In a recent research note, Citigroup set a 12-month price target of $143,000 for Bitcoin, representing an upside of roughly 62% from levels near $88,000 at the time of the forecast.

The bank also gave Ethereum a favourable outlook, with a target price of $4,304, implying potential gains of about 46% from around $2,950.

The bank said its forecasts reflect improving market conditions after recent drawdowns, arguing that crypto prices are now closer to measures of value tied to actual user activity.

Citi framed its base case as a recovery scenario rather than an aggressive speculative call, noting that valuations have adjusted following the pullback from October highs.

Beyond its baseline projections, Citi also outlined a wide range of possible outcomes.

In a bullish scenario, the bank sees Bitcoin climbing as high as $189,000 and Ethereum reaching $5,132.

Under a bearish case, however, Bitcoin could slide to $78,000, while Ethereum may fall toward $1,270, underscoring the asset class’s persistent volatility.

Regulation shifts from risk to catalyst

Citi identified regulatory developments as the central driver behind its constructive stance.

The bank pointed to a noticeable shift by US authorities toward clearer, more tailored frameworks for digital assets, replacing years of regulatory uncertainty with defined rules.

Several enforcement actions and lawsuits against major crypto platforms have been dismissed, a change Citi believes could encourage institutional investors to re-engage with the sector.

The bank also highlighted President Donald Trump’s pro-digital-asset rhetoric, which has coincided with broader acceptance of cryptocurrencies within traditional finance.

According to Citi, these policy shifts have the potential to unlock renewed capital inflows, particularly from institutions that previously stayed on the sidelines.

The firm expects regulatory clarity to support adoption across spot markets, ETFs, and tokenised financial products over the coming year.

Volatility clouds the near-term forecasts

Despite the optimistic outlook, Citi acknowledged that recent market turbulence remains a significant headwind.

Bitcoin fell to multi-month lows in November as investors reduced exposure to risk assets amid concerns over elevated technology stock valuations.

Market sentiment has weakened further in December after Strategy, formerly known as MicroStrategy and the largest corporate holder of Bitcoin, cut its 2025 earnings forecast.

Strategy cited Bitcoin’s prolonged weakness, drawing heightened attention given its outsized exposure to the cryptocurrency.

Short-term technical signals also suggest caution, seeing that Bitcoin has formed a bearish flag pattern on the daily chart and remains below key moving averages and the Supertrend indicator.

Bitcoin price analysis
Bitcoin price analysis | Source: TradingView

Analysts warn that the price could dip toward $87,341, or even $85,188.

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